Vaccination Is The Most Common Means Of Preventing...

History of vaccinations Vaccinations are the most common means of preventing childhood infectious diseases. The term vaccination is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term originally devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 when he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox 1. In 1881, Louis Pasteur suggested that the term vaccination should be extended to denote the newer preparations that were being developed at that time 2. Louis Pasteur developed second generation of vaccines for cholera and anthrax 2 and since then there has been no looking back. Polio vaccination was developed in 1950s 3. Live attenuated vaccines were developed for measles, mumps and rubella during†¦show more content†¦Specifically, estimated combined series (primary and booster series of DTaP, polio, Hib, HepB, varicella, measles and PCV) vaccine coverage for children 19-35 months old in 2014 was 71.6% compared to 56.6% in 2010, which is a significant improvement, though it leaves plenty of scope for further improvement. It is important to achieve higher coverage of vaccinations to maintain herd immunity and prevent re-emergence of previously eradicated communicable diseases. Concept of herd immunity: is it waning? Herd immunity’ refers to the resistance of a group attacked by a disease because of the immunity of a large proportion of the members and the consequent lessening of the likelihood of an infected individual coming into contact with a susceptible individual 9. Herd immunity is achieved by mass immunization against communicable diseases 10. However, not all vaccines are equally effective in providing herd immunity. For instance, though mumps vaccine has been available for several decades, mumps continues to be highly prevalent in several regions of the world, likely due to waning immunity over time and inadequate immunization coverage. Studies suggest that vaccine coverage of almost 90-95% is required to attain effective herd immunity 11. Plans et al. 12 reported that the odds ratio for the

Treasure Hunt, Pico Question Free Essays

Title: Treasure Hunt Assignment ? Pico Question The PICO question used in this assignment is In adult patients with short term voiding problems, what is the effect of urethral catheter design compared with standard latex catheters on the rate of urinary tract infection? Define Systematic Review A systematic review is a scientific approach that combines results from a group of original research studies and looks at the studies as a whole (Nieswiadomy, 2012). Systematic reviews are pertinent for evidence-based practice (EBP) because it brings together research on the effectiveness of treatments or interventions and helps clinicians decide which treatments or approaches are supported by evidence (Nieswiadomy, 2012). Titles Found-First Search The following are five titles found: †¢Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. We will write a custom essay sample on Treasure Hunt, Pico Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections. †¢Cranberries for treating urinary tract infections. Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections after urodynamic studies. †¢Routine neonatal circumcisions for the prevention of urinary tract infections in infancy. Systematic Review Found-Second Search The systematic review that was found on the second search that specifically answers the PICO question is Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults by Katie Schumm and Thomas Lam. Summary of the Systematic Review Describe how the systematic review applies to the PICO Question (1) The systematic review answers the PICO question in that it addresses risk and rate of urinary tract infections associated with types of indwelling catheters in adult hospitalized patients with short term voiding problems. Types of Studies Reviewed (2) Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register of trials (May 24, 2010) was searched in addition to bibliographies of relevant articles. Catheter manufacture representatives were also contacted for trials (Schumm Lamm, 2008). How the Review was conducted (3) Selection Criteria Selection criteria were compromised of all randomized and quasi-randomized trials that compared types of indwelling urinary catheters for short-term use in hospitalized adults (Schumm Lamm, 2008). Data collection Data collected was reviewed and then independently verified by a second reviewer (Schumm Lamm, 2008). Clarifications were sought and disagreements were resolved as described in the Cochrane Handbook (Schumm Lamm, 2008). Subjects Twenty three trials were conducted. Those meeting criteria were 5,246 hospitalized adults in parallel groups trials and 27,878 adults in one large cluster-randomized cross-over trial (Schumm Lamm, 2008). Important Terms Defined and Significance (4,5) Urinary catheters were defined as â€Å"small tubes inserted through the urethra (outlet for urine)† (Schumm Lamm, 2008). The review further states that urinary catheters are used short term post-surgery or to monitor urine output in hospitalized patients (Schumm Lamm, 2008). It is important to define this term because it is a main component of the subject of study. Also, defining a term in a systematic review provides clarity and a clear-cut definition of the subject for those not familiar with medical terminology. Studies Reviewed (6) Full access to this review is restricted without a membership. The abstract and information cited by is accessible for free. From what can be gathered, thirteen different studies were reviewed for this systematic review. Primary Recommendation and Significance (7,8) What this review concluded is that antiseptic or antibiotic coated urinary catheters might reduce the presence bacteriuria of hospitalized adults, and that siliconized catheters might cause the least side effects in men (Schumm Lamm, 2008). However the review stated the evidence was weak. It suggested that more rigorous trials are needed to make a valid conclusion as to if antibiotic or antiseptic coated urinary catheters reduce the rate of urinary tract infections (Schumm Lamm, 2008). This conclusion is important to nursing care because it addresses some possible interventions/treatments to reduce the most common hospital acquired infection which ultimately leads to providing excellent patient care to promote and abstain optimal health. If further research does conclude that antibiotic or antiseptic coated urinary catheters are effective at reducing the rate of urinary tract infections, health care has yet advanced another step in resolving the huge of issue nosocomial-acquired infections. References Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2012). Foundation of Nursing Resarch (6th ed. ). Boston: Pearson. Schumm K. , Lam, B. L. (2008). Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 (2). DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD004013. pub3 ? How to cite Treasure Hunt, Pico Question, Papers

Top Dissertations Writing Reviews!

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What Should You Research When Writing A Renewable Energy Topics For Research Paper?

What Should You Research When Writing A Renewable Energy Topics For Research Paper?There are a lot of renewable energy topics for research paper writing. Of course, the topic should be sufficiently unique to ensure that it will generate plenty of interest from the readers and search engines. It is also a good idea to avoid common renewable energy topics such as 'how does wind power work?'The list of renewable energy topics for research paper writing is quite extensive. Some of them include: the growing costs of electricity; the political debates surrounding renewable energy; economic analyses and projections; and then there are the often overlooked environmental benefits of renewable energy. One of the reasons that these topics are so popular is because they represent something very tangible and humanly able. We can all imagine how wind turbines and solar panels would work if they were put in our homes and offices.Other than that, research paper writing should not have a huge cost fo r you. You do not need to go out of your way to find the information or figure out the math that is required for such a task. Indeed, these topics are incredibly simple to achieve, so all you need to do is determine which of the renewable energy topics for research paper writing meet your specific needs.You might consider doing a research paper that would address various uses of renewable energy such as power generation. In this case, your topic would need to address what is the best type of renewable energy available. If you do not know how to choose the right one, you can always rely on several online resources to assist you in this matter.Renewable energy topics for research paper writing should also give an explanation of how each type of renewable energy compares to others. This will help you determine which type is best suited for your specific project. Take the time to consider this information, as it can help you choose the most appropriate renewable energy for your situatio n.Before you begin writing your renewable energy topics for research paper writing, it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with each renewable source. Go over each renewable source and make sure that you know the details about it. Then you can determine if the topic is suitable for it. By knowing the specifics, you will know if you need to study more on the topic.The final part of your research paper for renewable energy topics for research paper writing will be about how each source works. Look at how the source affects the environment, how the source changes the energy market, and how the resource works together with others to make a cleaner environment. You want to give a clear picture of how each renewable source works to create cleaner energy.Although there are numerous renewable energy topics for research paper writing, you will be able to use only a few to choose from. Determine which ones are appropriate for your needs, and then you can get started on your renewable energ y topics for research paper writing.

The Undeniable Reality About Interview Essay Topics That No One Is Sharing With You

The Undeniable Reality About Interview Essay Topics That No One Is Sharing With You The Interview Essay Topics Chronicles People today will need to visit interviews open minded and expect to react to various questions regarding their life and career. Interviews may be used to get to know neighbors, relatives, and others. They are platforms through which organizations use to get an idea about a person. A thank-you letter is a superb means to stick out from the crowd during the interview approach. In reality, you've quite a massive number of techniques to complete your interview paper. Whatever topic you've chosen and whoever you have selected to interview, being in a position to properly relay the message that you wished to share is something which is required to be considered. If you're recording an interview, be certain you use all the answers since they are, with no changes. The Birth of Interview Essay Topics Interview questionnaire may be a good way to gather initial information from the person who is interviewed. The interview questionnaire has become the basis of the majority of companies in their true interview. In addition, interviewers will need to form direct questions that are easy to comprehend. After the interviewer asks in the event you have any questions, your answer ought to be yes. Not everybody has a bank of questions prepared to ask and a small help can go a very long way. Asking questions regarding the organization offers you the chance to show you're engaged and inquisitive. Furthermore, the women are somewhat more reserved in contrast to the American ladies. It's reasonable to suggest that writing interview essay shouldn't be problematic for the students who understand how to compose essays generally speaking. Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. It is different for everyone. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. Something funny is a superb way to begin the essay. Next, it's required to include the considerable tips that you have acquired from your interview. On the flip side, if you want to compose an interview essay in a narrative format, all questions and answers ought to be presented as part of a research. Doing this permits you to predict which personal interview questions they are likely to ask. Questions alone won't carry the interview. You should practice the questions a small bit before the interview. Always bear in mind it is not the interview questionnaire that could earn a difference, it is the way you handle the entire interview that matters. Ask if it's going to be a run of individual interviews or a panel interview. In case the interview went well, it is going to be simple to compose an interview essay. A successful interview is vital to a prosperous interview essay. Prior to starting on creating an interview questionnaire you have to first will need to understand what's the position and precisely what qualities should appropriate in that position. Some common focuses for an interview summary paper include main influences in the person's life or the person's effect on your life. Start out with an intriguing fact or description about the person who you interviewed. Pay attention to how you quote the individual. The Meaning of Interview Essay Topics Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay may be incomprehensible. Even while there are a few main qualities of the interview essays that aren't typical for different types of writing, it's possible to comprehend that its structure is crystal clear and uncomplicated. The major title is included with the most suitable alignment. The word is a strong weapon! Then, it's far better to make a decision as to what information is going to be explained in the essay and what parts ought to be omitted. Nevertheless, if you understand what format ought to be used, you will have the ability to concentrate on it, developing a high excellent paper. APA's format is helpful for formatting, so it's not possible that you utilize it for formatting. A suitable interview essay format a part of the grading rubric, therefore do not underestimate its value! Interview Essay Topics Options How to succeed on a work interview Some folks believe that interviewing is easy since they fit the employer's job description. It is critical to be aware that the interviewee is ambitious and aspires to construct a robot gadget that could travel to planet mercury. Find out more about the organization before the interview so that you will have the ability to demonstrate how your private work habits would dovetail seamlessly in their operational model. In case the interv iewer tells you that the organization expects to earn a decision within a couple of days, you are aware that your window to send thank-you letters is quite short.

How to Write a PMF Essay Question

How to Write a PMF Essay QuestionPMF or Participatory Management Formula is a management system that will train managers in the art of decision making using small and simple conversations. As the name suggests, the PMF sample essay questions are designed to be used by managers, supervisors. It is designed to help the manager through the preliminary steps towards the management of employees by listening to their ideas and opinions.To start off, you must choose a PMF sample essay question that is appropriate for your position. The sample questions should contain an appropriate length for a regular essay which should be in two pages. This will help you concentrate on other parts of the essay. You should ensure that the sentence structure is concise and simple.Next, you must outline the goals and objectives of the PMF. You must explain the central objectives of the management system. Make sure that you list out each objective in brief. These objectives include salary levels, benefits, an d performance appraisal.Finally, you must cover the organizational structure of the PMF. The organization will be an example. List out your responsibilities as a manager. A hierarchical format may be used here.Lastly, you must include in your essay the PMF activities. Your choice of activities will include meetings, dialogues, workshops, market research and learning activities. You will need to add all of these activities in your essay. Do not make them repetitive. However, make sure that they are coherent.Lastly, you must include in your essay the two general statements that describe how you intend to manage the PMF. You may include a quotation from a famous motivational speaker or a quote from one of your previous managers.It is imperative that you follow the PMF sample essay questions that you have chosen in order to get an idea of the PMF method. You must study the topics that you are planning to write about. This will help you when it comes to the use of the PMF essay question.

The San Francisco Museum Of Modern Art Essays -

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art was the first museum on the west coast dedicated to 20th century art. It first opened in 1935 but underwent a major renovation and opened a new museum facility designed by renowned Swiss architect Mario Botta in January of 1995. Botta used a lot of historical influences, but the most prevalent is definitely the influence of Roman architecture. The two most obvious arguments for that are the fact that the building is a civicly themed building and the fact that it dominates the surrounding area. But some the other arguments that can be made are the size and shape, and the unusual addition of an oculus in the roof. It also fits into the grid of the city streets surrounding it, much in the way Romans organized their buildings. The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (hereafter referred to as the SFMOMA) is most defiantly a civicly oriented building. Museums usually are, as they hold treasures for the people of the city to admire, but the SFMOMA goes beyond that. It is a symbol of pride for the people of San Francisco, and is known throughout the country as such. It was called ?A vibrant new heart for art in San Francisco,? by Morton Beebe in Smithsonian Magazine, July 1995. Millions of people go through the doors to see the constantly changing exhibitions in the many galleries. As the meuseuem was being renovated, this was probably a consideration. So, taking in to account that people would come from around the world to see not only what was inside, but the building itself, Botta designed a structure that was not only efficient, but pleasing to view as well. That is why the SFMOMA is a civicly themed building.